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Predicting Factors of Mammography Adherence among Iranian Women Based on Transtheoretical Model
Mahsa Khodayarian, Tahmineh Farajkhoda, Azita Aryaeenezhad, Mozhgan Sharifi,
Volume 17, Issue 2 (4-2020)
Abstract
Background: Breast cancer is the most common cancer among women in Iran. Early diagnosis of breast cancer by mammography could decrease the rate of mortality and improve the survival rate. This study aimed to determine the predicting factors of mammography adherence among Iranian women based on transtheoretical model.
Methods: This cross-sectional study was done on 300 married women in Yazd in 2018. Subjects was recruited using cluster sampling. Data were gathered through researcher-made questionnaire based on trans-theoretical model. The constructs of decisional balance, self-efficacy, stages and process of change were studied. Data were analyzed using chi-square test, one-way analysis of variance, Spearman correlation coefficient and regression analysis in SPSS-16 software.
 Results: The mean age of women was 47.25±6.97 years old (ranged from 40 to 70). Most of the participants (86.4%) were in inactive stages of decision-making for performing mammography and only 5.3% were in active stages. The mean score of self-efficacy among the studied women was 24.54±6.5. According to linear regression test, the validity of the predicting trans-theoretical model by all of its constructs together was 47%.
Conclusions: Results of the present study showed that most of the women were at inactive stages of decision-making for mammography behavior and, based on the results, to improve the stages of the behavior, their self-efficacy should be improved.

Nutritional Status and the Affecting Factors in the Elderly in Gonbad Kavus, Iran
Navisa Seyed Ghasemi, Mina Dazi, Bahareh Nikrad, Hasan Khorsha, Amrolah Sharifi, Mohammad Reza Honarvar,
Volume 18, Issue 1 (5-2021)
Abstract
Background: The elderly population is projected to increase in Iran and the world. A large number of chronic diseases observed in the elderly could be prevented or treated by improving their lifestyle, including nutrition. The present study aimed to determine nutritional status and the affecting factors in the elderly in Gonbad Kavus, Iran. 
Methods: This descriptive-analytical study was performed on 139 elderlies aged more than 60 years who resided in Gonbad (northeast of Iran) in 2013. The subjects were selected via two-stage cluster sampling, and each health center was considered as a cluster. Data were collected using a demographic questionnaire and mini nutritional assessment (MNA) questionnaire. Moreover, anthropometric indices (e.g., weight and height) were measured using a fabric meter, stadiometer, and Seca scale. Data was analyzed in SPSS version 11.5 using Chi-square and ordinal logistic regression model. 
Results: In total, 36% of the elderlies had a normal nutritional status, whereas 59% and 5% were at the risk of malnutrition and malnourished, respectively. Among the subgroups, the female elderlies (78.6%) and single participants (87.1%) were at the risk of malnutrition or malnourished. Gender was the only independent variable affecting malnutrition. In addition, malnutritional status and marital status were the only variables affecting the body mass index even in the presence of other variables. 
Conclusion: Based on the nutritional assessment of the elderly, special attention must be paid to elderly women with lower education levels and financial dependence. It is also recommended that periodic assessments be carried out in the elderly population using the MNA questionnaire.Background: The elderly population is projected to increase in Iran and the world. A large number of chronic diseases observed in the elderly could be prevented or treated by improving their lifestyle, including nutrition. The present study aimed to determine nutritional status and the affecting factors in the elderly in Gonbad Kavus, Iran. 
Methods: This descriptive-analytical study was performed on 139 elderlies aged more than 60 years who resided in Gonbad (northeast of Iran) in 2013. The subjects were selected via two-stage cluster sampling, and each health center was considered as a cluster. Data were collected using a demographic questionnaire and mini nutritional assessment (MNA) questionnaire. Moreover, anthropometric indices (e.g., weight and height) were measured using a fabric meter, stadiometer, and Seca scale. Data was analyzed in SPSS version 11.5 using Chi-square and ordinal logistic regression model. 
Results: In total, 36% of the elderlies had a normal nutritional status, whereas 59% and 5% were at the risk of malnutrition and malnourished, respectively. Among the subgroups, the female elderlies (78.6%) and single participants (87.1%) were at the risk of malnutrition or malnourished. Gender was the only independent variable affecting malnutrition. In addition, malnutritional status and marital status were the only variables affecting the body mass index even in the presence of other variables. 
Conclusion: Based on the nutritional assessment of the elderly, special attention must be paid to elderly women with lower education levels and financial dependence. It is also recommended that periodic assessments be carried out in the elderly population using the MNA questionnaire.

The effects of self-care education based on the family-centered empowerment model on functional independence and life satisfaction among community-dwelling older adults: A randomized controlled trial
Tanaz Mehrab-Mohseni, Shahzad Pashaeypoor, Shima Nazari, Farshad Sharifi,
Volume 20, Issue 1 (4-2023)
Abstract
Background: Self-care is an indicator of power and independence among older adults. Family can increase older adults’ motivation and desire for engagement in self-care activities. This study aimed to determine the effects of self-care education based on the family-centered empowerment model (FCEM) on functional independence and life satisfaction among community-dwelling older adults.
Methods: This randomized clinical trial was conducted on 126 community-dwelling older adults   from local sociocultural centers in 2021. They purposively recruited and randomly allocated to control (n = 63) and intervention (n = 63) groups. The intervention group received FCEM-based self-care education in six 1.5-hour weekly sessions. The education focused on the physical, psychoemotional, social, and spiritual aspects of self-care and was based on the 4 steps of FCEM: perceived threat, problem-solving, educational participation, and evaluation. Katz Index of Independence in Activities of Daily Living (Katz ADL Index) and Zest Life Satisfaction Index were respectively used for independence and satisfaction assessments before and 8 weeks after the study intervention. The data were analyzed using SPSS version 16 and through the Kolmogorov-Smirnov, Mann-Whitney U, Wilcoxon, and chi-square tests.
Results: The mean age was 67.57 ± 4.62 years in the intervention group and 67.08 ± 4.62 years in the control group. There were no significant differences between the intervention and control groups respecting the pretest mean scores of life satisfaction (16.54 ± 4.46 vs 16.68 ± 4.23; P = 0.963) and functional independence (4.78 ± 1.15 vs 5.11 ± 1.00; P = 0.107). The posttest mean score of functional independence was also insignificant (5.52 ± 0.692 vs 5.24 ± 0.911; P = 0.92) between the 2 groups. However, the Mann-Whitney U test showed that the posttest mean score of life satisfaction was significantly greater in the intervention group than in the control group (18.95 ± 4.36 vs 16.13 ± 4.41; P = 0.001).
Conclusion: FCEM-based self-care education effectively improves life satisfaction among community-dwelling older adults.
Fertility intention and its sociodemographic correlations among female marriage volunteers: A province-wide cross-sectional survey in Iran
Nouzar Nakhaee, Fahimeh Amiri, Muhammad Samari, Hamid Sharifi, Abedin Iranpour,
Volume 21, Issue 4 (12-2024)
Abstract
Background: Declining fertility rates pose significant demographic challenges globally, particularly in Europe, the Asia-Pacific region, and Iran. Female marriage volunteers, as a group capable of having children, are a key target for pronatalist policies. We aimed to identify the factors influencing fertility intention among Iranian female marriage volunteers.
Methods: We conducted a province-wide cross-sectional survey from January to April 2023. Using a convenience sampling approach and a validated questionnaire (Determinants of Childbearing Intention Questionnaire), we assessed the childbearing intention (i.e., intention to have a child during the next three years) and fertility intention (i.e., ideal number of kids) among 1,506 female marriage volunteers in Kerman, Iran. Data were collected through face-to-face interviews and the sealed ballot box method was applied to ensure the confidentiality of the participants’ information. Multivariate logistic regression was used to identify the factors associated with childbearing and fertility intentions.
Results: The majority of the female marriage volunteers (83.7%) intended to have two or more children, and 61.8% of them intended to have a child during the next three years. They believed that the most appropriate time to have a child after marriage was 2.2 (±1.8) years. Physical and mental health, with a mean of 4.37 (0.94) out of a possible score range of 0 to 5, was the most important perceived barrier to having children. The participants stated that the most appropriate ages for women and men to marry were 22.1 (3.7) and 26.2 (3.9) years, respectively. The vertical collectivism score was 3.90 (0.85) out of the maximum attainable score of 5. The working or educational situation of premarital women was a barrier against fertility intention (OR=0.82; CI95%= 0.71-0.94, p<0.001) and childbearing intention (OR=0.81; CI95%= 0.73-0.89, p<0.001).
Conclusion: Despite the decline in the total fertility rate, the tendency to have children is still promising in Iranian female marriage volunteers. Their concern about work and education was the main obstacle to their childbearing intention. This finding underlines the need to implement supportive measures for having children, as seen in the law.

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