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Spinal and General Anesthesia on APGAR of the Infants Born with Elective Caesarean Section
Fatemeh Mahmodi, Asea Mobaraki, Akbar Rostaminejad,
Volume 11, Issue 1 (5-2014)
Abstract
Background and Objective: Apgar score is a useful assessment for newborn, and a safe, appropriate and affordable anesthetic approach is paramount importance to both neonates and moms. This study aimed at determining the effect of general and spinal anesthesia on Apgar score of the neonates borne with cesarean section. 
Material and Methods: This randomized blinded clinical trial was conducted on 200 candidates for elective caesarean section in Imam Sajjad Hospital of Yasoug. Via simple random sampling, the participants were assigned to two groups of spinal or general anesthesia, and Apgar scores recorded at first, fifth and twentieth minute. Spinal anesthesia with 2ml of lidocaine 5% and general anesthesia with 5mg/kg thiopental and 1.5 mg/kg succinylcholine for induction, and N20 and halothane were used for maintenance of anesthesia. The data was analyzed by SPSS software, using T test and chi-square (P< 0.05). 
Results: The mean Apgar score at first and fifth minute in general anesthesia group was 8.1±0.6 and 92.9±25.0, and in spinal group was 9.01±0.2 and 9.92±0.33. There was significant difference between the two groups for the first minute (p>0.05) but it was not the case for the other times. 
Conclusion: Apgar score of the first minute in spinal anesthesia is higher that of general anesthesia. Hence, spinal anesthesia is recommended for elective cesarean section.

Mild cognitive impairment and its determinants in urban and rural areas among older adults: A Cross-Sectional Study
Zeinab Rostami, Mahmoud Rahmati, Leili Rostamnia, Nader Salari,
Volume 21, Issue 2 (6-2024)
Abstract
Background: Mild Cognitive Impairment (MCI) is a transitional stage between normal cognitive aging and dementia, often marked by noticeable cognitive decline without significant interference in daily activities. This study aimed to investigate the prevalence and determinants of MCI among older adults in urban and rural areas of Kermanshah City.
Methods: A cross-sectional study was conducted involving 506 older adults recruited from urban and rural areas using a cluster random sampling method. The participants completed assessments of cognitive function, social relationships, stress management, and socio-demographic factors. Logistic regression analyses and the Kruskal-Wallis and Mann-Whitney U tests were performed to examine the associations between these factors and MCI using SPSS version 25.
Results: The prevalence of MCI was 21.9% overall, with a higher prevalence in rural areas. In both areas, social relationships (urban: p = 0.001; rural: p = 0.04) and age (urban: p = 0.001; rural: p = 0.013) were significantly associated with MCI. In the rural elderly, education (p = 0.02) and economic situation (p = 0.012) were significant predictors, while in urban areas, gender (p = 0.002) and stress management (p = 0.001) were key determinants.
Conclusion: This study highlights the importance of considering psychosocial factors, such as social relationships and stress management, in understanding cognitive health among older adults. Targeted interventions are needed to address the higher prevalence of MCI in rural areas. Further research should explore strategies to improve cognitive health in aging rural and urban populations.
 
Psychometric evaluation of the Persian version of the Invisible Violence Against Women Questionnaire
Masoumeh Rostami , Abbas Ebadi , Hamid Sharif-Nia , Fidan Shabani , Reza Ghanei Gheshlagh ,
Volume 22, Issue 2 (6-2025)
Abstract
Background: Some men use a nuanced set of attitudes, behaviors, and beliefs referred to as “invisible violence” to exert control over women. Although these behaviors are culturally accepted, they remain risk factors for intimate partner violence. Early detection of invisible violence can prevent domestic violence and its negative consequences. Therefore, this study aimed to evaluate the psychometric properties of the Persian version of the Questionnaire for the Invisible Violence Against Women (Q-IVAW).
Methods: This cross-sectional study was conducted on 520 married women who were referred to health centers in Western Iran (Asadabad) in 2023. Sampling was performed using a convenience sampling method. After forward-backward translation, face, content, and construct validity (through exploratory and confirmatory factor analysis) were conducted. Internal consistency was assessed using Cronbach's alpha and McDonald's omega coefficients and stability was assessed using a test-retest. The data were analyzed using SPSS version 16 and Amos version 26 software.
Results: In the exploratory factor analysis, four factors, including ‘utilitarian-benevolent sexist behaviors’, ‘crisis sexist behaviors’, ‘coercive sexist behaviors’, and ‘ambivalent sexist behaviors’, were extracted using the maximum likelihood method and Promax rotation. Cronbach's alpha for the four factors was 0.803, 0.724, 0.733, and 0.704, respectively. These factors account for 47.17% of the total variance. In confirmatory factor analysis, the final model demonstrated a good fit (CMIN/DF = 2.140, GFI = 0.952, AGFI = 0.932, NFI = 0.924, IFI = 0.958, CFI = 0.958, RMSEA = 0.047).
Conclusion: The Persian version of the Q-IVAW has acceptable psychometric properties and can be used to measure invisible violence in Iranian women.

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