---

Background: Lip and palate clefts are the most common birth defects that cause many medical, psychological, social and financial problems for person and his or her family. Since many factors are involved in causing these defects, this study aimed is review the effective factors causing cleft lip and palate.                                                                                              
Methods: The present study was conducted using a narrative review. For this purpose, the following keywords were searched in the PubMed, SID, Science Direct, Google Scholar, WHO, databases: Cleft Lip, Cleft Palate, neonates, Risk Factor, Effect Factors from 1990 until 2019.
Results: This study showed valuable results regarding the risk factors for neonatal cleft lip and palate, that including family and genetic history of cleft lip and palate, family marriage, using drug and antibiotics in the first 3 months of pregnancy, Maternal stressors especially in the first 3 months of pregnancy, high BMI before maternal pregnancy, maternal age over 35, maternal smoking during pregnancy, folic acid deficiency and environmental factors.
Conclusions: Lip and clefts palate can be associated with many complications such as speech and hearing problems, breast feeding problems, ear infections and psychosocial problems for the newborn. Therefore, identifying the factors that contribute to their creation can help to have healthy people in the community and prevent economic and social damage.

---

Background: reproductive health is having physical, mental and social health not being sick or disable, in all related systems of reproduction, function and its process. This study aims to investigate the effective factors on using reproductive health services and their outcomes.
Methods: this was a narrative review and the keywords, including reproductive health, family health, services, health promotion, barriers and effective factors outcome, were determined basing on Mesh and searching the papers in Google, PubMed, Science Direct, SID and Scholar, published since 1990 to 2019. The criteria to participate in this study included the papers examined the effective barriers on using  reproductive health services and their outcomes; the criteria of putting unrelated papers aside were basing on the subject. Finally 39 papers were chosen from 85 ones (26 English and 13 Persian papers) to write the review.
Results: our findings in this paper were related to the effective barriers on using reproductive health services and their outcomes and divided into four groups. the effective barriers on using reproductive health services included poverty, violence, migration, injustice , inequality and their outcomes as the outcomes of poverty (access to modern family planning services, difference between fertility in urban and rural population due to in equality in access to contraception methods , differences in level of women’s knowledge about reproduction issues in poor and rich communities , increasing infertility, unsafe abortion and increasing  sexually transmitted diseases ), violence including some scopes like mental health (depression, sleep disorder, Posttraumatic Stress Disorder and suicide), reproductive health (unintended pregnancy, unsafe abortion, Complications of pregnancy, sexual disorders and   sexually transmitted diseases like HIV), risky behaviors (unprotected sex, multiple sex partners and sexual violence ), tragic outcomes (death caused by pregnancy complications, rape, unsafe apportion, killing newborn infant and suicide) and social outcomes (unintended pregnancy, leaving school, losing relationships and rejection by family and friends ), migration (increasing undesirable outcomes of pregnancy like low birth weight, sexually transmitted diseases, induced abortion and decreasing access to health services ) , injustice and inequality (reduced access to family planning services by poor communities comparing to rich ones and increasing fertility, increasing unintended pregnancy, short intervals between pregnancies and increasing family members ).
 Conclusions: according to the important role of reproductive health in human and communities, training people is necessary, not only for medical reasons but also as a basis in strength of marital life. Lack of information or incorrect data can increase family and marital problems so the effective factors and barriers should be determined and met.